0x00 前言
最近开始研究VirtualBox虚拟机逃逸漏洞，针对于VirtualBox的虚拟机逃逸，我们重点关注它的HGCM（host-guest communication mechanism）协议，本文将结合源码分析和动态调试来分析此协议，最后我们还将实现一个HGCM协议的调用库。
0x01 VirtualBox 通信协议
引言
VirtualBox中一个名为HGCM的协议相当于一个RPC，其作用是可以让Guest里的程序通过接口调用Host中的服务程序中的函数。该协议的接口封装在vboxguest驱动程序中。
在Guest系统中，通过VBoxGuestAdditions.iso安装了一个名为vboxguest的驱动程序，该驱动程序主要就是提供接口给Guset系统里的程序，用于与Host主机进行通信。
除了vboxguest驱动，Guset还安装有vboxsf驱动和vboxvideo，其中vboxsf仍然使用的是vboxguest的接口，而vboxvideo则是VirtualBox虚拟出来的显示设备的驱动程序，独立于前面两个驱动。由此可见，Guest与Host之前的通信关键在于vboxguest驱动，因此，我们的研究将从该驱动出发。
该驱动源码位于src\VBox\Additions\common\VBoxGuest目录，以Linux系统为例，其源文件为VBoxGuest-linux.c，首先从file_operations结构体可以看到有哪些操作
static struct file_operations g_FileOpsUser =
{
owner: THIS_MODULE,
open: vgdrvLinuxOpen,
release: vgdrvLinuxRelease,
#ifdef HAVE_UNLOCKED_IOCTL
unlocked_ioctl: vgdrvLinuxIOCtl,
#else
ioctl: vgdrvLinuxIOCtl,
#endif
};
GUEST IOCTL
可以看到定义了vgdrvLinuxIOCtl用于进行接口的访问，跟踪该函数，可以发现其调用了vgdrvLinuxIOCtlSlow函数，
static int vgdrvLinuxIOCtlSlow(struct file *pFilp, unsigned int uCmd, unsigned long ulArg, PVBOXGUESTSESSION pSession)
{
int rc;
VBGLREQHDR Hdr;
PVBGLREQHDR pHdr;
uint32_t cbBuf;
Log6(("vgdrvLinuxIOCtlSlow: pFilp=%p uCmd=%#x ulArg=%p pid=%d/%d\n", pFilp, uCmd, (void *)ulArg, RTProcSelf(), current->pid));
/*
* Read the header.
*/
if (RT_FAILURE(RTR0MemUserCopyFrom(&Hdr, ulArg, sizeof(Hdr))))
{
Log(("vgdrvLinuxIOCtlSlow: copy_from_user(,%#lx,) failed; uCmd=%#x\n", ulArg, uCmd));
return -EFAULT;
}
if (RT_UNLIKELY(Hdr.uVersion != VBGLREQHDR_VERSION))
{
Log(("vgdrvLinuxIOCtlSlow: bad header version %#x; uCmd=%#x\n", Hdr.uVersion, uCmd));
return -EINVAL;
}
/*
* Buffer the request.
* Note! The header is revalidated by the common code.
*/
cbBuf = RT_MAX(Hdr.cbIn, Hdr.cbOut);
if (RT_UNLIKELY(cbBuf > _1M*16))
{
Log(("vgdrvLinuxIOCtlSlow: too big cbBuf=%#x; uCmd=%#x\n", cbBuf, uCmd));
return -E2BIG;
}
if (RT_UNLIKELY( Hdr.cbIn < sizeof(Hdr)
|| (cbBuf != _IOC_SIZE(uCmd) && _IOC_SIZE(uCmd) != 0)))
{
Log(("vgdrvLinuxIOCtlSlow: bad ioctl cbBuf=%#x _IOC_SIZE=%#x; uCmd=%#x\n", cbBuf, _IOC_SIZE(uCmd), uCmd));
return -EINVAL;
}
pHdr = RTMemAlloc(cbBuf);
if (RT_UNLIKELY(!pHdr))
{
LogRel(("vgdrvLinuxIOCtlSlow: failed to allocate buffer of %d bytes for uCmd=%#x\n", cbBuf, uCmd));
return -ENOMEM;
}
if (RT_FAILURE(RTR0MemUserCopyFrom(pHdr, ulArg, Hdr.cbIn)))
{
Log(("vgdrvLinuxIOCtlSlow: copy_from_user(,%#lx, %#x) failed; uCmd=%#x\n", ulArg, Hdr.cbIn, uCmd));
RTMemFree(pHdr);
return -EFAULT;
}
if (Hdr.cbIn < cbBuf)
RT_BZERO((uint8_t *)pHdr + Hdr.cbIn, cbBuf - Hdr.cbIn);
/*
* Process the IOCtl.
*/
rc = VGDrvCommonIoCtl(uCmd, &g_DevExt, pSession, pHdr, cbBuf);
.........................................................
可以看到，函数中首先将用户传入的数据转为VBGLREQHDR Hdr;结构体，该结构体定义如下
typedef struct VBGLREQHDR
{
/** IN: The request input size, and output size if cbOut is zero.
* @sa VMMDevRequestHeader::size */
uint32_t cbIn;
/** IN: Structure version (VBGLREQHDR_VERSION)
* @sa VMMDevRequestHeader::version */
uint32_t uVersion;
/** IN: The VMMDev request type, set to VBGLREQHDR_TYPE_DEFAULT unless this is a
* kind of VMMDev request.
* @sa VMMDevRequestType, VMMDevRequestHeader::requestType */
uint32_t uType;
/** OUT: The VBox status code of the operation, out direction only. */
int32_t rc;
/** IN: The output size. This is optional - set to zero to use cbIn as the
* output size. */
uint32_t cbOut;
/** Reserved / filled in by kernel, MBZ.
* @sa VMMDevRequestHeader::fRequestor */
uint32_t uReserved;
} VBGLREQHDR;
然后判断一些信息是否符合要求，这里，归纳如下
Hdr.uVersion = VBGLREQHDR_VERSION
Hdr.cbIn和Hdr.cbOut不能大于_1M*16
检查通过后，执行rc = VGDrvCommonIoCtl(uCmd, &g_DevExt, pSession, pHdr, cbBuf);，进入VGDrvCommonIoCtl函数，该函数位于VBoxGuest.cpp源文件
int VGDrvCommonIoCtl(uintptr_t iFunction, PVBOXGUESTDEVEXT pDevExt, PVBOXGUESTSESSION pSession, PVBGLREQHDR pReqHdr, size_t cbReq)
{
uintptr_t const iFunctionStripped = VBGL_IOCTL_CODE_STRIPPED(iFunction);
int rc;
...............................................................
/*
* Deal with variably sized requests first.
*/
rc = VINF_SUCCESS;
if ( iFunctionStripped == VBGL_IOCTL_CODE_STRIPPED(VBGL_IOCTL_VMMDEV_REQUEST(0))
|| iFunctionStripped == VBGL_IOCTL_CODE_STRIPPED(VBGL_IOCTL_VMMDEV_REQUEST_BIG) )
{
........
}
else if (RT_LIKELY(pReqHdr->uType == VBGLREQHDR_TYPE_DEFAULT))
{
if (iFunctionStripped == VBGL_IOCTL_CODE_STRIPPED(VBGL_IOCTL_LOG(0)))
{
........
}
#ifdef VBOX_WITH_HGCM
else if (iFunction == VBGL_IOCTL_IDC_HGCM_FAST_CALL) /* (is variable size, but we don't bother encoding it) */
{
.........
}
else if ( iFunctionStripped == VBGL_IOCTL_CODE_STRIPPED(VBGL_IOCTL_HGCM_CALL(0))
# if ARCH_BITS == 64
|| iFunctionStripped == VBGL_IOCTL_CODE_STRIPPED(VBGL_IOCTL_HGCM_CALL_32(0))
# endif
)
{
...........
}
else if (iFunctionStripped == VBGL_IOCTL_CODE_STRIPPED(VBGL_IOCTL_HGCM_CALL_WITH_USER_DATA(0)))
{
..........
}
#endif /* VBOX_WITH_HGCM */
else
{
switch (iFunction)
{
由于我们想要进入HGCM相关的处理分支里，因此，想要满足pReqHdr->uType == VBGLREQHDR_TYPE_DEFAULT
switch (iFunction)
{
............................................
#ifdef VBOX_WITH_HGCM
case VBGL_IOCTL_HGCM_CONNECT:
REQ_CHECK_SIZES(VBGL_IOCTL_HGCM_CONNECT);
pReqHdr->rc = vgdrvIoCtl_HGCMConnect(pDevExt, pSession, (PVBGLIOCHGCMCONNECT)pReqHdr);
break;
case VBGL_IOCTL_HGCM_DISCONNECT:
REQ_CHECK_SIZES(VBGL_IOCTL_HGCM_DISCONNECT);
pReqHdr->rc = vgdrvIoCtl_HGCMDisconnect(pDevExt, pSession, (PVBGLIOCHGCMDISCONNECT)pReqHdr);
break;
#endif
这里的iFunction值就是我们在ioctl中传入的cmd，当cmd为VBGL_IOCTL_HGCM_CONNECT或者VBGL_IOCTL_HGCM_DISCONNECT时，可以建立或者断开一个HGCM服务。在一般情况下，使用HGCM调用Host中的服务时，要经过三个步骤VBGL_IOCTL_HGCM_CONNECT->VBGL_IOCTL_HGCM_CALL->VBGL_IOCTL_HGCM_DISCONNECT，即打开服务->调用函数->关闭服务。可以在src\VBox\HostServices目录下看到这些服务以及它们的源码
src\VBox\HostServices
DragAndDrop
GuestControl
GuestProperties
HostChannel
SharedClipboard
SharedFolders
SharedOpenGL
从这些服务名大致能知道它们的作用，其中SharedClipboard用于在Host和Guest之间共享粘贴板，SharedFolders用于共享文件夹，而SharedOpenGL用于3D图形加速。
继续分析HGCM服务的调用
pReqHdr->rc = vgdrvIoCtl_HGCMConnect(pDevExt, pSession, (PVBGLIOCHGCMCONNECT)pReqHdr);
可以知道此时将pReqHdr这个VBGLREQHDR结构体指针强制转换为VBGLIOCHGCMCONNECT结构体指针，该结构体定义如下
typedef struct VBGLIOCHGCMCONNECT
{
/** The header. */
VBGLREQHDR Hdr;
union
{
struct
{
HGCMServiceLocation Loc;
} In;
struct
{
uint32_t idClient;
} Out;
} u;
} VBGLIOCHGCMCONNECT, RT_FAR *PVBGLIOCHGCMCONNECT;
/**
* HGCM service location.
* @ingroup grp_vmmdev_req
*/
typedef struct HGCMSERVICELOCATION
{
/** Type of the location. */
HGCMServiceLocationType type;
union
{
HGCMServiceLocationHost host;
} u;
} HGCMServiceLocation;
typedef enum
{
VMMDevHGCMLoc_Invalid = 0,
VMMDevHGCMLoc_LocalHost = 1,
VMMDevHGCMLoc_LocalHost_Existing = 2,
VMMDevHGCMLoc_SizeHack = 0x7fffffff
} HGCMServiceLocationType;
/**
* HGCM host service location.
* @ingroup grp_vmmdev_req
*/
typedef struct
{
char achName[128]; /**< This is really szName. */
} HGCMServiceLocationHost;
VBGL_IOCTL_HGCM_CONNECT
VbglR0HGCMInternalConnect
进入vgdrvIoCtl_HGCMConnect函数,
static int vgdrvIoCtl_HGCMConnect(PVBOXGUESTDEVEXT pDevExt, PVBOXGUESTSESSION pSession, PVBGLIOCHGCMCONNECT pInfo)
{
int rc;
HGCMCLIENTID idClient = 0;
/*
* The VbglHGCMConnect call will invoke the callback if the HGCM
* call is performed in an ASYNC fashion. The function is not able
* to deal with cancelled requests.
*/
Log(("VBOXGUEST_IOCTL_HGCM_CONNECT: %.128s\n",
pInfo->u.In.Loc.type == VMMDevHGCMLoc_LocalHost || pInfo->u.In.Loc.type == VMMDevHGCMLoc_LocalHost_Existing
? pInfo->u.In.Loc.u.host.achName : "<not local host>"));
rc = VbglR0HGCMInternalConnect(&pInfo->u.In.Loc, pSession->fRequestor, &idClient,
vgdrvHgcmAsyncWaitCallback, pDevExt, RT_INDEFINITE_WAIT);
Log(("VBOXGUEST_IOCTL_HGCM_CONNECT: idClient=%RX32 (rc=%Rrc)\n", idClient, rc));
if (RT_SUCCESS(rc))
{
/*
* Append the client id to the client id table.
* If the table has somehow become filled up, we'll disconnect the session.
*/
unsigned i;
RTSpinlockAcquire(pDevExt->SessionSpinlock);
for (i = 0; i < RT_ELEMENTS(pSession->aHGCMClientIds); i++)
if (!pSession->aHGCMClientIds[i])
{
pSession->aHGCMClientIds[i] = idClient;
break;
}
RTSpinlockRelease(pDevExt->SessionSpinlock);
if (i >= RT_ELEMENTS(pSession->aHGCMClientIds))
{
LogRelMax(32, ("VBOXGUEST_IOCTL_HGCM_CONNECT: too many HGCMConnect calls for one session!\n"));
VbglR0HGCMInternalDisconnect(idClient, pSession->fRequestor, vgdrvHgcmAsyncWaitCallback, pDevExt, RT_INDEFINITE_WAIT);
pInfo->u.Out.idClient = 0;
return VERR_TOO_MANY_OPEN_FILES;
}
}
pInfo->u.Out.idClient = idClient;
return rc;
}
从该函数可以看出，它将调用VbglR0HGCMInternalConnect函数，然后返回一个idClient即客户端号，并将该号码缓存到pSession->aHGCMClientIds数组中，同时将其返回给Guest中的请求程序。我们继续跟进VbglR0HGCMInternalConnect函数
DECLR0VBGL(int) VbglR0HGCMInternalConnect(HGCMServiceLocation const *pLoc, uint32_t fRequestor, HGCMCLIENTID *pidClient,
PFNVBGLHGCMCALLBACK pfnAsyncCallback, void *pvAsyncData, uint32_t u32AsyncData)
{
int rc;
if ( RT_VALID_PTR(pLoc)
&& RT_VALID_PTR(pidClient)
&& RT_VALID_PTR(pfnAsyncCallback))
{
/* Allocate request */
VMMDevHGCMConnect *pHGCMConnect = NULL;
rc = VbglR0GRAlloc((VMMDevRequestHeader **)&pHGCMConnect, sizeof(VMMDevHGCMConnect), VMMDevReq_HGCMConnect);
if (RT_SUCCESS(rc))
{
/* Initialize request memory */
pHGCMConnect->header.header.fRequestor = fRequestor;
pHGCMConnect->header.fu32Flags = 0;
memcpy(&pHGCMConnect->loc, pLoc, sizeof(pHGCMConnect->loc));
pHGCMConnect->u32ClientID = 0;
/* Issue request */
rc = VbglR0GRPerform (&pHGCMConnect->header.header);
if (RT_SUCCESS(rc))
{
/* Check if host decides to process the request asynchronously. */
if (rc == VINF_HGCM_ASYNC_EXECUTE)
{
/* Wait for request completion interrupt notification from host */
pfnAsyncCallback(&pHGCMConnect->header, pvAsyncData, u32AsyncData);
}
rc = pHGCMConnect->header.result;
if (RT_SUCCESS(rc))
*pidClient = pHGCMConnect->u32ClientID;
}
VbglR0GRFree(&pHGCMConnect->header.header);
}
}
else
rc = VERR_INVALID_PARAMETER;
return rc;
}
该函数主要是新建了一个结构体，并从最开始ioctl操作中传入的结构体中复制HGCMServiceLocation结构体数据，然后传入VbglR0GRPerform函数。
VbglR0GRPerform函数实际上就是一个对in和out汇编指令的封装，操作IO接口，可以知道，其请求的端口地址为g_vbgldata.portVMMDev + VMMDEV_PORT_OFF_REQUEST
VbglR0GRPerform
DECLR0VBGL(int) VbglR0GRPerform(VMMDevRequestHeader *pReq)
{
int rc = vbglR0Enter();
if (RT_SUCCESS(rc))
{
if (pReq)
{
RTCCPHYS PhysAddr = VbglR0PhysHeapGetPhysAddr(pReq);
if ( PhysAddr != 0
&& PhysAddr < _4G) /* Port IO is 32 bit. */
{
ASMOutU32(g_vbgldata.portVMMDev + VMMDEV_PORT_OFF_REQUEST, (uint32_t)PhysAddr);
/* Make the compiler aware that the host has changed memory. */
ASMCompilerBarrier();
rc = pReq->rc;
}
else
rc = VERR_VBGL_INVALID_ADDR;
}
else
rc = VERR_INVALID_PARAMETER;
}
return rc;
}
通过查找VMMDEV_PORT_OFF_REQUEST的引用，可以发现src\VBox\Devices\VMMDev\VMMDev.cpp文件，可以知道这是VirtualBox虚拟出来的IO设备,在vmmdevIOPortRegionMap函数中，通过PDMDevHlpIOPortRegister函数为VMMDEV_PORT_OFF_REQUESTIO端口注册了一个处理函数。
static DECLCALLBACK(int) vmmdevIOPortRegionMap(PPDMDEVINS pDevIns, PPDMPCIDEV pPciDev, uint32_t iRegion,
RTGCPHYS GCPhysAddress, RTGCPHYS cb, PCIADDRESSSPACE enmType)
{
LogFlow(("vmmdevIOPortRegionMap: iRegion=%d GCPhysAddress=%RGp cb=%RGp enmType=%d\n", iRegion, GCPhysAddress, cb, enmType));
RT_NOREF3(iRegion, cb, enmType);
PVMMDEV pThis = RT_FROM_MEMBER(pPciDev, VMMDEV, PciDev);
Assert(enmType == PCI_ADDRESS_SPACE_IO);
Assert(iRegion == 0);
AssertMsg(RT_ALIGN(GCPhysAddress, 8) == GCPhysAddress, ("Expected 8 byte alignment. GCPhysAddress=%#x\n", GCPhysAddress));
/*
* Register our port IO handlers.
*/
int rc = PDMDevHlpIOPortRegister(pDevIns, (RTIOPORT)GCPhysAddress + VMMDEV_PORT_OFF_REQUEST, 1,
pThis, vmmdevRequestHandler, NULL, NULL, NULL, "VMMDev Request Handler");
因此我们在Guset中的ASMOutU32(g_vbgldata.portVMMDev + VMMDEV_PORT_OFF_REQUEST, (uint32_t)PhysAddr);请求最终被传入到虚拟设备中的vmmdevRequestHandler函数中进行处理。
vmmdevRequestHandler
/**
* @callback_method_impl{FNIOMIOPORTOUT,
* Port I/O write andler for the generic request interface.}
*/
static DECLCALLBACK(int) vmmdevRequestHandler(PPDMDEVINS pDevIns, void *pvUser, RTIOPORT Port, uint32_t u32, unsigned cb)
{
uint64_t tsArrival;
STAM_GET_TS(tsArrival);
RT_NOREF2(Port, cb);
PVMMDEV pThis = (VMMDevState *)pvUser;
/*
* The caller has passed the guest context physical address of the request
* structure. We'll copy all of it into a heap buffer eventually, but we
* will have to start off with the header.
*/
VMMDevRequestHeader requestHeader;
RT_ZERO(requestHeader);
PDMDevHlpPhysRead(pDevIns, (RTGCPHYS)u32, &requestHeader, sizeof(requestHeader));
.........................................................
if (pRequestHeader)
{
memcpy(pRequestHeader, &requestHeader, sizeof(VMMDevRequestHeader));
/* Try lock the request if it's a HGCM call and not crossing a page boundrary.
Saves on PGM interaction. */
VMMDEVREQLOCK Lock = { NULL, { 0, NULL } };
PVMMDEVREQLOCK pLock = NULL;
size_t cbLeft = requestHeader.size - sizeof(VMMDevRequestHeader);
if (cbLeft)
{
...............................
}
/*
* Feed buffered request thru the dispatcher.
*/
uint32_t fPostOptimize = 0;
PDMCritSectEnter(&pThis->CritSect, VERR_IGNORED);
rcRet = vmmdevReqDispatcher(pThis, pRequestHeader, u32, tsArrival, &fPostOptimize, &pLock);
PDMCritSectLeave(&pThis->CritSect);
请求将被传入vmmdevReqDispatcher函数进行调度
/**
* Dispatch the request to the appropriate handler function.
*
* @returns Port I/O handler exit code.
* @param pThis The VMM device instance data.
* @param pReqHdr The request header (cached in host memory).
* @param GCPhysReqHdr The guest physical address of the request (for
* HGCM).
* @param tsArrival The STAM_GET_TS() value when the request arrived.
* @param pfPostOptimize HGCM optimizations, VMMDEVREQDISP_POST_F_XXX.
* @param ppLock Pointer to the lock info pointer (latter can be
* NULL). Set to NULL if HGCM takes lock ownership.
*/
static int vmmdevReqDispatcher(PVMMDEV pThis, VMMDevRequestHeader *pReqHdr, RTGCPHYS GCPhysReqHdr,
uint64_t tsArrival, uint32_t *pfPostOptimize, PVMMDEVREQLOCK *ppLock)
{
int rcRet = VINF_SUCCESS;
Assert(*pfPostOptimize == 0);
switch (pReqHdr->requestType)
{
...........................................
#ifdef VBOX_WITH_HGCM
case VMMDevReq_HGCMConnect:
vmmdevReqHdrSetHgcmAsyncExecute(pThis, GCPhysReqHdr, *ppLock);
pReqHdr->rc = vmmdevReqHandler_HGCMConnect(pThis, pReqHdr, GCPhysReqHdr);
Assert(pReqHdr->rc == VINF_HGCM_ASYNC_EXECUTE || RT_FAILURE_NP(pReqHdr->rc));
if (RT_SUCCESS(pReqHdr->rc))
*pfPostOptimize |= VMMDEVREQDISP_POST_F_NO_WRITE_OUT;
break;
case VMMDevReq_HGCMDisconnect:
vmmdevReqHdrSetHgcmAsyncExecute(pThis, GCPhysReqHdr, *ppLock);
pReqHdr->rc = vmmdevReqHandler_HGCMDisconnect(pThis, pReqHdr, GCPhysReqHdr);
Assert(pReqHdr->rc == VINF_HGCM_ASYNC_EXECUTE || RT_FAILURE_NP(pReqHdr->rc));
if (RT_SUCCESS(pReqHdr->rc))
*pfPostOptimize |= VMMDEVREQDISP_POST_F_NO_WRITE_OUT;
break;
# ifdef VBOX_WITH_64_BITS_GUESTS
case VMMDevReq_HGCMCall64:
# endif
case VMMDevReq_HGCMCall32:
vmmdevReqHdrSetHgcmAsyncExecute(pThis, GCPhysReqHdr, *ppLock);
pReqHdr->rc = vmmdevReqHandler_HGCMCall(pThis, pReqHdr, GCPhysReqHdr, tsArrival, ppLock);
Assert(pReqHdr->rc == VINF_HGCM_ASYNC_EXECUTE || RT_FAILURE_NP(pReqHdr->rc));
if (RT_SUCCESS(pReqHdr->rc))
*pfPostOptimize |= VMMDEVREQDISP_POST_F_NO_WRITE_OUT;
break;
case VMMDevReq_HGCMCancel:
pReqHdr->rc = vmmdevReqHandler_HGCMCancel(pThis, pReqHdr, GCPhysReqHdr);
break;
case VMMDevReq_HGCMCancel2:
pReqHdr->rc = vmmdevReqHandler_HGCMCancel2(pThis, pReqHdr);
break;
#endif /* VBOX_WITH_HGCM */
...........................................
在VMMDevReq_HGCMConnect时，使用vmmdevReqHdrSetHgcmAsyncExecute函数设置异步返回值，这样Guset系统驱动的VbglR0HGCMInternalConnect函数时将通过pfnAsyncCallback(&pHGCMConnect->header, pvAsyncData, u32AsyncData);等待设备这里的操作完成并获取结果；设备这里将调用vmmdevReqHandler_HGCMConnect连接HGCM服务，继续跟踪，
vmmdevReqHandler_HGCMConnect
/** Handle VMMDevHGCMConnect request.
*
* @param pThis The VMMDev instance data.
* @param pHGCMConnect The guest request (cached in host memory).
* @param GCPhys The physical address of the request.
*/
int vmmdevHGCMConnect(PVMMDEV pThis, const VMMDevHGCMConnect *pHGCMConnect, RTGCPHYS GCPhys)
{
int rc = VINF_SUCCESS;
PVBOXHGCMCMD pCmd = vmmdevHGCMCmdAlloc(pThis, VBOXHGCMCMDTYPE_CONNECT, GCPhys, pHGCMConnect->header.header.size, 0,
pHGCMConnect->header.header.fRequestor);
if (pCmd)
{
vmmdevHGCMConnectFetch(pHGCMConnect, pCmd);
/* Only allow the guest to use existing services! */
ASSERT_GUEST(pHGCMConnect->loc.type == VMMDevHGCMLoc_LocalHost_Existing);
pCmd->u.connect.pLoc->type = VMMDevHGCMLoc_LocalHost_Existing;
vmmdevHGCMAddCommand(pThis, pCmd);
rc = pThis->pHGCMDrv->pfnConnect(pThis->pHGCMDrv, pCmd, pCmd->u.connect.pLoc, &pCmd->u.connect.u32ClientID);
if (RT_FAILURE(rc))
vmmdevHGCMRemoveCommand(pThis, pCmd);
}
else
{
rc = VERR_NO_MEMORY;
}
return rc;
}
函数中主要是调用了rc = pThis->pHGCMDrv->pfnConnect(pThis->pHGCMDrv, pCmd, pCmd->u.connect.pLoc, &pCmd->u.connect.u32ClientID);进行服务连接，其中pThis在vmmdevIOPortRegionMap函数中初始化
PVMMDEV pThis = RT_FROM_MEMBER(pPciDev, VMMDEV, PciDev);
pThis->pHGCMDrv在vmmdevConstruct函数中被初始化
pThis->pHGCMDrv = PDMIBASE_QUERY_INTERFACE(pThis->pDrvBase, PDMIHGCMCONNECTOR);
通过调试，可以知道pThis->pHGCMDrv->pfnConnect最终指向的是iface_hgcmConnect函数
In file: /home/sea/Desktop/VirtualBox-6.0.0/src/VBox/Devices/VMMDev/VMMDevHGCM.cpp
450 /* Only allow the guest to use existing services! */
451 ASSERT_GUEST(pHGCMConnect->loc.type == VMMDevHGCMLoc_LocalHost_Existing);
452 pCmd->u.connect.pLoc->type = VMMDevHGCMLoc_LocalHost_Existing;
453
454 vmmdevHGCMAddCommand(pThis, pCmd);
► 455 rc = pThis->pHGCMDrv->pfnConnect(pThis->pHGCMDrv, pCmd, pCmd->u.connect.pLoc, &pCmd->u.connect.u32ClientID);
456 if (RT_FAILURE(rc))
457 vmmdevHGCMRemoveCommand(pThis, pCmd);
458 }
459 else
460 {
pwndbg> s
599 /* HGCM connector interface */
600
601 static DECLCALLBACK(int) iface_hgcmConnect(PPDMIHGCMCONNECTOR pInterface, PVBOXHGCMCMD pCmd,
602 PHGCMSERVICELOCATION pServiceLocation,
603 uint32_t *pu32ClientID)
► 604 {
其中iface_hgcmConnect函数源码如下
iface_hgcmConnect
static DECLCALLBACK(int) iface_hgcmConnect(PPDMIHGCMCONNECTOR pInterface, PVBOXHGCMCMD pCmd,
PHGCMSERVICELOCATION pServiceLocation,
uint32_t *pu32ClientID)
{
Log9(("Enter\n"));
PDRVMAINVMMDEV pDrv = RT_FROM_MEMBER(pInterface, DRVMAINVMMDEV, HGCMConnector);
if ( !pServiceLocation
|| ( pServiceLocation->type != VMMDevHGCMLoc_LocalHost
&& pServiceLocation->type != VMMDevHGCMLoc_LocalHost_Existing))
{
return VERR_INVALID_PARAMETER;
}
/* Check if service name is a string terminated by zero*/
size_t cchInfo = 0;
if (RTStrNLenEx(pServiceLocation->u.host.achName, sizeof(pServiceLocation->u.host.achName), &cchInfo) != VINF_SUCCESS)
{
return VERR_INVALID_PARAMETER;
}
if (!pDrv->pVMMDev || !pDrv->pVMMDev->hgcmIsActive())
return VERR_INVALID_STATE;
return HGCMGuestConnect(pDrv->pHGCMPort, pCmd, pServiceLocation->u.host.achName, pu32ClientID);
}
这里，对于pServiceLocation->type字段，其值必须为VMMDevHGCMLoc_LocalHost或者VMMDevHGCMLoc_LocalHost_Existing。检查通过以后，就会继续调用HGCMGuestConnect函数
而HGCMGuestConnect函数是将数据封装为消息，然后调用hgcmMsgPost，hgcmMsgPost最后会调用hgcmMsgPostInternal函数向HGCMThread实例发送消息
hgcmMsgPostInternal
DECLINLINE(int) hgcmMsgPostInternal(HGCMMsgCore *pMsg, PHGCMMSGCALLBACK pfnCallback, bool fWait)
{
LogFlow(("MAIN::hgcmMsgPostInternal: pMsg = %p, pfnCallback = %p, fWait = %d\n", pMsg, pfnCallback, fWait));
Assert(pMsg);
pMsg->Reference(); /* paranoia? */
int rc = pMsg->Thread()->MsgPost(pMsg, pfnCallback, fWait);
pMsg->Dereference();
LogFlow(("MAIN::hgcmMsgPostInternal: pMsg = %p, rc = %Rrc\n", pMsg, rc));
return rc;
}
通过gdb调试
In file: /home/sea/Desktop/VirtualBox-6.0.0/src/VBox/Main/src-client/HGCMThread.cpp
697 LogFlow(("MAIN::hgcmMsgPostInternal: pMsg = %p, pfnCallback = %p, fWait = %d\n", pMsg, pfnCallback, fWait));
698 Assert(pMsg);
699
700 pMsg->Reference(); /* paranoia? */
701
► 702 int rc = pMsg->Thread()->MsgPost(pMsg, pfnCallback, fWait);
703
704 pMsg->Dereference();
705
706 LogFlow(("MAIN::hgcmMsgPostInternal: pMsg = %p, rc = %Rrc\n", pMsg, rc));
707 return rc;
pwndbg> p pMsg->Thread()->MsgPost
$11 = {int (HGCMThread * const, HGCMMsgCore *, PHGCMMSGCALLBACK, bool)} 0x7fe5d8646a5c <HGCMThread::MsgPost(HGCMMsgCore*, int (*)(int, HGCMMsgCore*), bool)>
HGCMThread::MsgPost函数只是简单的将消息插入到消息队列，当HGCMThread的线程取出消息时，便会进行处理。HGCMThread的主线程函数为hgcmThread
hgcmThread
/* The main HGCM thread handler. */
static DECLCALLBACK(void) hgcmThread(HGCMThread *pThread, void *pvUser)
{
LogFlowFunc(("pThread = %p, pvUser = %p\n", pThread, pvUser));
NOREF(pvUser);
bool fQuit = false;
while (!fQuit)
{
HGCMMsgCore *pMsgCore;
int rc = hgcmMsgGet(pThread, &pMsgCore);
if (RT_FAILURE(rc))
{
/* The error means some serious unrecoverable problem in the hgcmMsg/hgcmThread layer. */
AssertMsgFailed(("%Rrc\n", rc));
break;
}
uint32_t u32MsgId = pMsgCore->MsgId();
switch (u32MsgId)
{
case HGCM_MSG_CONNECT:
{
HGCMMsgMainConnect *pMsg = (HGCMMsgMainConnect *)pMsgCore;
LogFlowFunc(("HGCM_MSG_CONNECT pszServiceName %s, pu32ClientId %p\n",
pMsg->pszServiceName, pMsg->pu32ClientId));
/* Resolve the service name to the pointer to service instance.
*/
HGCMService *pService;
rc = HGCMService::ResolveService(&pService, pMsg->pszServiceName);
if (RT_SUCCESS(rc))
{
/* Call the service instance method. */
rc = pService->CreateAndConnectClient(pMsg->pu32ClientId,
0,
pMsg->pHGCMPort->pfnGetRequestor(pMsg->pHGCMPort, pMsg->pCmd),
pMsg->pHGCMPort->pfnIsCmdRestored(pMsg->pHGCMPort, pMsg->pCmd));
/* Release the service after resolve. */
pService->ReleaseService();
}
} break;
case HGCM_MSG_DISCONNECT:
{
当收到HGCM_MSG_CONNECT消息时，调用HGCMService::ResolveService(&pService, pMsg->pszServiceName)得到对应服务的句柄，该函数实际上就是一个链表查找的过程
/** The method obtains a referenced pointer to the service with
* specified name. The caller must call ReleaseService when
* the pointer is no longer needed.
*
* @param ppSvc Where to store the pointer to the service.
* @param pszServiceName The name of the service.
* @return VBox rc.
* @thread main HGCM
*/
/* static */ int HGCMService::ResolveService(HGCMService **ppSvc, const char *pszServiceName)
{
LogFlowFunc(("ppSvc = %p name = %s\n",
ppSvc, pszServiceName));
if (!ppSvc || !pszServiceName)
{
return VERR_INVALID_PARAMETER;
}
HGCMService *pSvc = sm_pSvcListHead;
while (pSvc)
{
if (strcmp(pSvc->m_pszSvcName, pszServiceName) == 0)
{
break;
}
pSvc = pSvc->m_pSvcNext;
}
LogFlowFunc(("lookup in the list is %p\n", pSvc));
if (pSvc == NULL)
{
*ppSvc = NULL;
return VERR_HGCM_SERVICE_NOT_FOUND;
}
pSvc->ReferenceService();
*ppSvc = pSvc;
return VINF_SUCCESS;
}
而该服务链表是在HGCM_MSG_LOAD时通过LoadService初始化的
case HGCM_MSG_LOAD:
{
HGCMMsgMainLoad *pMsg = (HGCMMsgMainLoad *)pMsgCore;
LogFlowFunc(("HGCM_MSG_LOAD pszServiceName = %s, pMsg->pszServiceLibrary = %s, pMsg->pUVM = %p\n",
pMsg->pszServiceName, pMsg->pszServiceLibrary, pMsg->pUVM));
rc = HGCMService::LoadService(pMsg->pszServiceLibrary, pMsg->pszServiceName, pMsg->pUVM, pMsg->pHgcmPort);
} break;
其中LoadService函数就是加载对应的名称的动态库，然后将句柄存储到链表中。
ResolveService得到服务模块句柄以后，就通过CreateAndConnectClient函数调用模块中初始化的函数
if (RT_SUCCESS(rc))
{
/* Call the service instance method. */
rc = pService->CreateAndConnectClient(pMsg->pu32ClientId,
0,
pMsg->pHGCMPort->pfnGetRequestor(pMsg->pHGCMPort, pMsg->pCmd),
pMsg->pHGCMPort->pfnIsCmdRestored(pMsg->pHGCMPort, pMsg->pCmd));
/* Release the service after resolve. */
pService->ReleaseService();
}
CreateAndConnectClient函数如下
/* Create a new client instance and connect it to the service.
*
* @param pu32ClientIdOut If not NULL, then the method must generate a new handle for the client.
* If NULL, use the given 'u32ClientIdIn' handle.
* @param u32ClientIdIn The handle for the client, when 'pu32ClientIdOut' is NULL.
* @param fRequestor The requestor flags, VMMDEV_REQUESTOR_LEGACY if not available.
* @param fRestoring Set if we're restoring a saved state.
* @return VBox status code.
*/
int HGCMService::CreateAndConnectClient(uint32_t *pu32ClientIdOut, uint32_t u32ClientIdIn, uint32_t fRequestor, bool fRestoring)
{
LogFlowFunc(("pu32ClientIdOut = %p, u32ClientIdIn = %d, fRequestor = %#x, fRestoring = %d\n",
pu32ClientIdOut, u32ClientIdIn, fRequestor, fRestoring));
/* Allocate a client information structure. */
HGCMClient *pClient = new (std::nothrow) HGCMClient(fRequestor);
if (!pClient)
{
Log1WarningFunc(("Could not allocate HGCMClient!!!\n"));
return VERR_NO_MEMORY;
}
uint32_t handle;
if (pu32ClientIdOut != NULL)
{
handle = hgcmObjGenerateHandle(pClient);
}
else
{
handle = hgcmObjAssignHandle(pClient, u32ClientIdIn);
}
LogFlowFunc(("client id = %d\n", handle));
AssertRelease(handle);
/* Initialize the HGCM part of the client. */
int rc = pClient->Init(this);
if (RT_SUCCESS(rc))
{
/* Call the service. */
HGCMMsgCore *pCoreMsg;
rc = hgcmMsgAlloc(m_pThread, &pCoreMsg, SVC_MSG_CONNECT, hgcmMessageAllocSvc);
if (RT_SUCCESS(rc))
{
HGCMMsgSvcConnect *pMsg = (HGCMMsgSvcConnect *)pCoreMsg;
pMsg->u32ClientId = handle;
pMsg->fRequestor = fRequestor;
pMsg->fRestoring = fRestoring;
rc = hgcmMsgSend(pMsg);
if (RT_SUCCESS(rc))
{
/* Add the client Id to the array. */
if (m_cClients == m_cClientsAllocated)
{
const uint32_t cDelta = 64;
/* Guards against integer overflow on 32bit arch and also limits size of m_paClientIds array to 4GB*/
if (m_cClientsAllocated < UINT32_MAX / sizeof(m_paClientIds[0]) - cDelta)
{
uint32_t *paClientIdsNew;
paClientIdsNew = (uint32_t *)RTMemRealloc(m_paClientIds,
(m_cClientsAllocated + cDelta) * sizeof(m_paClientIds[0]));
Assert(paClientIdsNew);
if (paClientIdsNew)
{
m_paClientIds = paClientIdsNew;
m_cClientsAllocated += cDelta;
}
else
{
rc = VERR_NO_MEMORY;
}
}
else
{
rc = VERR_NO_MEMORY;
}
}
m_paClientIds[m_cClients] = handle;
m_cClients++;
}
}
}
if (RT_FAILURE(rc))
{
hgcmObjDeleteHandle(handle);
}
else
{
if (pu32ClientIdOut != NULL)
{
*pu32ClientIdOut = handle;
}
ReferenceService();
}
LogFlowFunc(("rc = %Rrc\n", rc));
return rc;
}
可以知道，模块的id值最终被存入m_paClientIds[m_cClients]，同时通过*pu32ClientIdOut = handle;将值返回。
整个过程大概描述如下
VBGL_IOCTL_HGCM_CALL
在分析完VBGL_IOCTL_HGCM_CONNECT操作以后，接下来就是分析VBGL_IOCTL_HGCM_CALL，其路线与前面分析的类似，首先会将IOCTL传入的数据指针转为PVBGLIOCHGCMCALL类型
PVBGLIOCHGCMCALL
/**
* For VBGL_IOCTL_HGCM_CALL and VBGL_IOCTL_HGCM_CALL_WITH_USER_DATA.
*
* @note This is used by alot of HGCM call structures.
*/
typedef struct VBGLIOCHGCMCALL
{
/** Common header. */
VBGLREQHDR Hdr;
/** Input: The id of the caller. */
uint32_t u32ClientID;
/** Input: Function number. */
uint32_t u32Function;
/** Input: How long to wait (milliseconds) for completion before cancelling the
* call. This is ignored if not a VBGL_IOCTL_HGCM_CALL_TIMED or
* VBGL_IOCTL_HGCM_CALL_TIMED_32 request. */
uint32_t cMsTimeout;
/** Input: Whether a timed call is interruptible (ring-0 only). This is ignored
* if not a VBGL_IOCTL_HGCM_CALL_TIMED or VBGL_IOCTL_HGCM_CALL_TIMED_32
* request, or if made from user land. */
bool fInterruptible;
/** Explicit padding, MBZ. */
uint8_t bReserved;
/** Input: How many parameters following this structure.
*
* The parameters are either HGCMFunctionParameter64 or HGCMFunctionParameter32,
* depending on whether we're receiving a 64-bit or 32-bit request.
*
* The current maximum is 61 parameters (given a 1KB max request size,
* and a 64-bit parameter size of 16 bytes).
*
* @note This information is duplicated by Hdr.cbIn, but it's currently too much
* work to eliminate this. */
uint16_t cParms;
/* Parameters follow in form HGCMFunctionParameter aParms[cParms] */
} VBGLIOCHGCMCALL, RT_FAR *PVBGLIOCHGCMCALL;
经过一些列调用，会来到vgdrvIoCtl_HGCMCallInner函数
vgdrvIoCtl_HGCMCallInner
static int vgdrvIoCtl_HGCMCallInner(PVBOXGUESTDEVEXT pDevExt, PVBOXGUESTSESSION pSession, PVBGLIOCHGCMCALL pInfo,
uint32_t cMillies, bool fInterruptible, bool f32bit, bool fUserData,
size_t cbExtra, size_t cbData)
{
const uint32_t u32ClientId = pInfo->u32ClientID;
uint32_t fFlags;
size_t cbActual;
unsigned i;
int rc;
/*
* Some more validations.
*/
if (RT_LIKELY(pInfo->cParms <= VMMDEV_MAX_HGCM_PARMS)) /* (Just make sure it doesn't overflow the next check.) */
{ /* likely */}
else
{
LogRel(("VBOXGUEST_IOCTL_HGCM_CALL: cParm=%RX32 is not sane\n", pInfo->cParms));
return VERR_INVALID_PARAMETER;
}
cbActual = cbExtra + sizeof(*pInfo);
#ifdef RT_ARCH_AMD64
if (f32bit)
cbActual += pInfo->cParms * sizeof(HGCMFunctionParameter32);
else
#endif
cbActual += pInfo->cParms * sizeof(HGCMFunctionParameter);
if (RT_LIKELY(cbData >= cbActual))
{ /* likely */}
else
{
LogRel(("VBOXGUEST_IOCTL_HGCM_CALL: cbData=%#zx (%zu) required size is %#zx (%zu)\n",
cbData, cbData, cbActual, cbActual));
return VERR_INVALID_PARAMETER;
}
pInfo->Hdr.cbOut = (uint32_t)cbActual;
........................................................
else
rc = VbglR0HGCMInternalCall(pInfo, cbInfo, fFlags, pSession->fRequestor,
vgdrvHgcmAsyncWaitCallback, pDevExt, cMillies);
}
.............................................................
return rc;
}
从中可以看到cbActual += pInfo->cParms * sizeof(HGCMFunctionParameter);，并且该值最后赋值pInfo->Hdr.cbOut = (uint32_t)cbActual;，由此可见pInfo->cParms代表需要调用的函数的参数个数，而pInfo结构体下方就是cParms个HGCMFunctionParameter结构体对象。与VBGL_IOCTL_HGCM_CONNECT类似，最后驱动也是通过IO端口操作将数据发送到Host中的虚拟设备中，然后在设备的vmmdevReqDispatcher函数中处理。
如下代码
# ifdef VBOX_WITH_64_BITS_GUESTS
case VMMDevReq_HGCMCall64:
# endif
case VMMDevReq_HGCMCall32:
vmmdevReqHdrSetHgcmAsyncExecute(pThis, GCPhysReqHdr, *ppLock);
pReqHdr->rc = vmmdevReqHandler_HGCMCall(pThis, pReqHdr, GCPhysReqHdr, tsArrival, ppLock);
Assert(pReqHdr->rc == VINF_HGCM_ASYNC_EXECUTE || RT_FAILURE_NP(pReqHdr->rc));
if (RT_SUCCESS(pReqHdr->rc))
*pfPostOptimize |= VMMDEVREQDISP_POST_F_NO_WRITE_OUT;
break;
该操作仍然是异步处理，需要等待处理完成后回调函数响应，将结果通过IO端口传回Guest。操作主要是调用vmmdevHGCMCall来对相应的service里的函数进行调用。
vmmdevHGCMCall
/**
* Handles VMMDevHGCMCall request.
*
* @returns VBox status code that the guest should see.
* @param pThis The VMMDev instance data.
* @param pHGCMCall The request to handle (cached in host memory).
* @param cbHGCMCall Size of the entire request (including HGCM parameters).
* @param GCPhys The guest physical address of the request.
* @param enmRequestType The request type. Distinguishes 64 and 32 bit calls.
* @param tsArrival The STAM_GET_TS() value when the request arrived.
* @param ppLock Pointer to the lock info pointer (latter can be
* NULL). Set to NULL if HGCM takes lock ownership.
*/
int vmmdevHGCMCall(PVMMDEV pThis, const VMMDevHGCMCall *pHGCMCall, uint32_t cbHGCMCall, RTGCPHYS GCPhys,
VMMDevRequestType enmRequestType, uint64_t tsArrival, PVMMDEVREQLOCK *ppLock)
{
.............................................................
rc = vmmdevHGCMCallFetchGuestParms(pThis, pCmd, pHGCMCall, cbHGCMCall, enmRequestType, cbHGCMParmStruct);
if (RT_SUCCESS(rc))
{
/* Copy guest data to host parameters, so HGCM services can use the data. */
rc = vmmdevHGCMInitHostParameters(pThis, pCmd, (uint8_t const *)pHGCMCall);
if (RT_SUCCESS(rc))
{
/*
* Pass the function call to HGCM connector for actual processing
*/
vmmdevHGCMAddCommand(pThis, pCmd);
#if 0 /* DONT ENABLE - for performance hacking. */
if ( pCmd->u.call.u32Function == 9
&& pCmd->u.call.cParms == 5)
{
vmmdevHGCMRemoveCommand(pThis, pCmd);
if (pCmd->pvReqLocked)
{
VMMDevHGCMRequestHeader volatile *pHeader = (VMMDevHGCMRequestHeader volatile *)pCmd->pvReqLocked;
pHeader->header.rc = VINF_SUCCESS;
pHeader->result = VINF_SUCCESS;
pHeader->fu32Flags |= VBOX_HGCM_REQ_DONE;
}
else
{
VMMDevHGCMRequestHeader *pHeader = (VMMDevHGCMRequestHeader *)pHGCMCall;
pHeader->header.rc = VINF_SUCCESS;
pHeader->result = VINF_SUCCESS;
pHeader->fu32Flags |= VBOX_HGCM_REQ_DONE;
PDMDevHlpPhysWrite(pThis->pDevInsR3, GCPhys, pHeader, sizeof(*pHeader));
}
vmmdevHGCMCmdFree(pThis, pCmd);
return VINF_HGCM_ASYNC_EXECUTE; /* ignored, but avoids assertions. */
}
#endif
rc = pThis->pHGCMDrv->pfnCall(pThis->pHGCMDrv, pCmd,
pCmd->u.call.u32ClientID, pCmd->u.call.u32Function,
pCmd->u.call.cParms, pCmd->u.call.paHostParms, tsArrival);
...................................................
return rc;
}
可以看出，vmmdevHGCMCall中首先是使用vmmdevHGCMCallFetchGuestParms函数和vmmdevHGCMInitHostParameters函数，将参数从Guest中拷贝到了设备本地缓冲区中，然后通过pThis->pHGCMDrv->pfnCall调用了对应的函数。
通过调试
In file: /home/sea/Desktop/VirtualBox-6.0.0/src/VBox/Devices/VMMDev/VMMDevHGCM.cpp
1107 }
1108 #endif
1109
1110 rc = pThis->pHGCMDrv->pfnCall(pThis->pHGCMDrv, pCmd,
1111 pCmd->u.call.u32ClientID, pCmd->u.call.u32Function,
► 1112 pCmd->u.call.cParms, pCmd->u.call.paHostParms, tsArrival);
1113
1114 if (rc == VINF_HGCM_ASYNC_EXECUTE)
1115 {
1116 /*
1117 * Done. Just update statistics and return.
pwndbg> s
638 }
639
640 static DECLCALLBACK(int) iface_hgcmCall(PPDMIHGCMCONNECTOR pInterface, PVBOXHGCMCMD pCmd, uint32_t u32ClientID,
641 uint32_t u32Function, uint32_t cParms, PVBOXHGCMSVCPARM paParms, uint64_t tsArrival)
可以知道该函数指针指向的是iface_hgcmCall函数
iface_hgcmCall
static DECLCALLBACK(int) iface_hgcmCall(PPDMIHGCMCONNECTOR pInterface, PVBOXHGCMCMD pCmd, uint32_t u32ClientID,
uint32_t u32Function, uint32_t cParms, PVBOXHGCMSVCPARM paParms, uint64_t tsArrival)
{
Log9(("Enter\n"));
PDRVMAINVMMDEV pDrv = RT_FROM_MEMBER(pInterface, DRVMAINVMMDEV, HGCMConnector);
if (!pDrv->pVMMDev || !pDrv->pVMMDev->hgcmIsActive())
return VERR_INVALID_STATE;
return HGCMGuestCall(pDrv->pHGCMPort, pCmd, u32ClientID, u32Function, cParms, paParms, tsArrival);
}
该函数简单的调用了HGCMGuestCall函数，而HGCMGuestCall函数继续调用HGCMService::GuestCall函数，同样也是通过hgcmMsgPost将消息挂到队列中，等待hgcmServiceThread线程取出消息并处理。
/*
* The service thread. Loads the service library and calls the service entry points.
*/
DECLCALLBACK(void) hgcmServiceThread(HGCMThread *pThread, void *pvUser)
{
HGCMService *pSvc = (HGCMService *)pvUser;
AssertRelease(pSvc != NULL);
/* Cache required information to avoid unnecessary pMsgCore access. */
uint32_t u32MsgId = pMsgCore->MsgId();
switch (u32MsgId)
{
case SVC_MSG_GUESTCALL:
{
HGCMMsgCall *pMsg = (HGCMMsgCall *)pMsgCore;
LogFlowFunc(("SVC_MSG_GUESTCALL u32ClientId = %d, u32Function = %d, cParms = %d, paParms = %p\n",
pMsg->u32ClientId, pMsg->u32Function, pMsg->cParms, pMsg->paParms));
HGCMClient *pClient = (HGCMClient *)hgcmObjReference(pMsg->u32ClientId, HGCMOBJ_CLIENT);
if (pClient)
{
pSvc->m_fntable.pfnCall(pSvc->m_fntable.pvService, (VBOXHGCMCALLHANDLE)pMsg, pMsg->u32ClientId,
HGCM_CLIENT_DATA(pSvc, pClient), pMsg->u32Function,
pMsg->cParms, pMsg->paParms, pMsg->tsArrival);
hgcmObjDereference(pClient);
}
else
{
rc = VERR_HGCM_INVALID_CLIENT_ID;
}
} break;
代码中，通过HGCMClient *pClient = (HGCMClient *)hgcmObjReference(pMsg->u32ClientId, HGCMOBJ_CLIENT);获取到了HGCMClient服务对象，然后通过pSvc->m_fntable.pfnCall进入了对应服务的处理函数。
调试如下
In file: /home/sea/Desktop/VirtualBox-6.0.0/src/VBox/HostServices/SharedClipboard/service.cpp
407 void *pvClient,
408 uint32_t u32Function,
409 uint32_t cParms,
410 VBOXHGCMSVCPARM paParms[],
411 uint64_t tsArrival)
► 412 {
413 RT_NOREF_PV(tsArrival);
414 int rc = VINF_SUCCESS;
415
416 LogRel2(("svcCall: u32ClientID = %d, fn = %d, cParms = %d, pparms = %d\n",
417 u32ClientID, u32Function, cParms, paParms));
此时我们进入的是SharedClipboard服务的程序svcCall函数。对于HostServices目录下的各种服务都有一个svcCall函数的实现，由此可见，svcCall函数是服务程序的处理机入口。从代码可以看出这个函数是在VBoxHGCMSvcLoad中注册的
extern "C" DECLCALLBACK(DECLEXPORT(int)) VBoxHGCMSvcLoad (VBOXHGCMSVCFNTABLE *ptable)
{
int rc = VINF_SUCCESS;
g_pHelpers = ptable->pHelpers;
ptable->cbClient = sizeof (VBOXCLIPBOARDCLIENTDATA);
ptable->pfnUnload = svcUnload;
ptable->pfnConnect = svcConnect;
ptable->pfnDisconnect = svcDisconnect;
ptable->pfnCall = svcCall;
ptable->pfnHostCall = svcHostCall;
ptable->pfnSaveState = svcSaveState;
ptable->pfnLoadState = svcLoadState;
ptable->pfnRegisterExtension = svcRegisterExtension;
ptable->pfnNotify = NULL;
ptable->pvService = NULL;
/* Service specific initialization. */
rc = svcInit ();
.................................................
至此，我们对于VBGL_IOCTL_HGCM_CALL调用Service中的函数的整个流程也有所清楚了。
VBGL_IOCTL_IDC_DISCONNECT
对于VBGL_IOCTL_IDC_DISCONNECT，流程与前面类似，比较简单，调用了对应服务的DisconnectClient函数，然后使用hgcmObjDereference(pClient);将服务句柄从设备缓存列表中移除。
case HGCM_MSG_DISCONNECT:
{
HGCMMsgMainDisconnect *pMsg = (HGCMMsgMainDisconnect *)pMsgCore;
LogFlowFunc(("HGCM_MSG_DISCONNECT u32ClientId = %d\n",
pMsg->u32ClientId));
HGCMClient *pClient = (HGCMClient *)hgcmObjReference(pMsg->u32ClientId, HGCMOBJ_CLIENT);
if (!pClient)
{
rc = VERR_HGCM_INVALID_CLIENT_ID;
break;
}
/* The service the client belongs to. */
HGCMService *pService = pClient->pService;
/* Call the service instance to disconnect the client. */
rc = pService->DisconnectClient(pMsg->u32ClientId, false);
hgcmObjDereference(pClient);
} break;
至此，我们对HGCM协议已经有了进一步的深刻了解。
0x02 HGCM调用库封装
经过上面的协议源代码分析，我们可以很轻松的写出HGCM的调用方法，国外niklasb大牛已经做了一个python版的封装库名为3dpwn，而这里，我们自己同样实现了一个C语言版
hgcm.h
#ifndef HGM_HELPER_H
#define HGM_HELPER_H
#define VBGLREQHDR_VERSION 0x10001
#define VBGLREQHDR_TYPE_DEFAULT 0
#define VERR_INTERNAL_ERROR -225
#define VBGL_IOCTL_CODE_SIZE(func, size) (0xc0005600 + (size<<16) + func)
#define VBGL_IOCTL_HGCM_CONNECT VBGL_IOCTL_CODE_SIZE(4, VBGL_IOCTL_HGCM_CONNECT_SIZE)
#define VBGL_IOCTL_HGCM_CONNECT_SIZE sizeof(VBGLIOCHGCMCONNECT)
# define VBGL_IOCTL_HGCM_DISCONNECT VBGL_IOCTL_CODE_SIZE(5, VBGL_IOCTL_HGCM_DISCONNECT_SIZE)
# define VBGL_IOCTL_HGCM_DISCONNECT_SIZE sizeof(VBGLIOCHGCMDISCONNECT)
#define IOCTL_HGCM_CALL 7
/** Guest Physical Memory Address; limited to 64 bits.*/
typedef uint64_t RTGCPHYS64;
/** Unsigned integer which can contain a 64 bits GC pointer. */
typedef uint64_t RTGCUINTPTR64;
/** Guest context pointer, 64 bits.
*/
typedef RTGCUINTPTR64 RTGCPTR64;
typedef uint8_t bool;
typedef struct VBGLREQHDR
{
/** IN: The request input size, and output size if cbOut is zero.
* @sa VMMDevRequestHeader::size */
uint32_t cbIn;
/** IN: Structure version (VBGLREQHDR_VERSION)
* @sa VMMDevRequestHeader::version */
uint32_t uVersion;
/** IN: The VMMDev request type, set to VBGLREQHDR_TYPE_DEFAULT unless this is a
* kind of VMMDev request.
* @sa VMMDevRequestType, VMMDevRequestHeader::requestType */
uint32_t uType;
/** OUT: The VBox status code of the operation, out direction only. */
int32_t rc;
/** IN: The output size. This is optional - set to zero to use cbIn as the
* output size. */
uint32_t cbOut;
/** Reserved / filled in by kernel, MBZ.
* @sa VMMDevRequestHeader::fRequestor */
uint32_t uReserved;
} VBGLREQHDR;
/**
* HGCM host service location.
* @ingroup grp_vmmdev_req
*/
typedef struct
{
char achName[128]; /**< This is really szName. */
} HGCMServiceLocationHost;
typedef enum
{
VMMDevHGCMLoc_Invalid = 0,
VMMDevHGCMLoc_LocalHost = 1,
VMMDevHGCMLoc_LocalHost_Existing = 2,
VMMDevHGCMLoc_SizeHack = 0x7fffffff
} HGCMServiceLocationType;
/**
* HGCM service location.
* @ingroup grp_vmmdev_req
*/
typedef struct HGCMSERVICELOCATION
{
/** Type of the location. */
HGCMServiceLocationType type;
union
{
HGCMServiceLocationHost host;
} u;
} HGCMServiceLocation;
typedef struct VBGLIOCHGCMCONNECT
{
/** The header. */
VBGLREQHDR Hdr;
union
{
struct
{
HGCMServiceLocation Loc;
} In;
struct
{
uint32_t idClient;
} Out;
} u;
} VBGLIOCHGCMCONNECT;
/**
* For VBGL_IOCTL_HGCM_CALL and VBGL_IOCTL_HGCM_CALL_WITH_USER_DATA.
*
* @note This is used by alot of HGCM call structures.
*/
typedef struct VBGLIOCHGCMCALL
{
/** Common header. */
VBGLREQHDR Hdr;
/** Input: The id of the caller. */
uint32_t u32ClientID;
/** Input: Function number. */
uint32_t u32Function;
/** Input: How long to wait (milliseconds) for completion before cancelling the
* call. This is ignored if not a VBGL_IOCTL_HGCM_CALL_TIMED or
* VBGL_IOCTL_HGCM_CALL_TIMED_32 request. */
uint32_t cMsTimeout;
/** Input: Whether a timed call is interruptible (ring-0 only). This is ignored
* if not a VBGL_IOCTL_HGCM_CALL_TIMED or VBGL_IOCTL_HGCM_CALL_TIMED_32
* request, or if made from user land. */
bool fInterruptible;
/** Explicit padding, MBZ. */
uint8_t bReserved;
/** Input: How many parameters following this structure.
*
* The parameters are either HGCMFunctionParameter64 or HGCMFunctionParameter32,
* depending on whether we're receiving a 64-bit or 32-bit request.
*
* The current maximum is 61 parameters (given a 1KB max request size,
* and a 64-bit parameter size of 16 bytes).
*
* @note This information is duplicated by Hdr.cbIn, but it's currently too much
* work to eliminate this. */
uint16_t cParms;
/* Parameters follow in form HGCMFunctionParameter aParms[cParms] */
} VBGLIOCHGCMCALL;
/**
* HGCM parameter type.
*/
typedef enum
{
VMMDevHGCMParmType_Invalid = 0,
VMMDevHGCMParmType_32bit = 1,
VMMDevHGCMParmType_64bit = 2,
VMMDevHGCMParmType_PhysAddr = 3, /**< @deprecated Doesn't work, use PageList. */
VMMDevHGCMParmType_LinAddr = 4, /**< In and Out */
VMMDevHGCMParmType_LinAddr_In = 5, /**< In (read; host<-guest) */
VMMDevHGCMParmType_LinAddr_Out = 6, /**< Out (write; host->guest) */
VMMDevHGCMParmType_LinAddr_Locked = 7, /**< Locked In and Out */
VMMDevHGCMParmType_LinAddr_Locked_In = 8, /**< Locked In (read; host<-guest) */
VMMDevHGCMParmType_LinAddr_Locked_Out = 9, /**< Locked Out (write; host->guest) */
VMMDevHGCMParmType_PageList = 10, /**< Physical addresses of locked pages for a buffer. */
VMMDevHGCMParmType_Embedded = 11, /**< Small buffer embedded in request. */
VMMDevHGCMParmType_ContiguousPageList = 12, /**< Like PageList but with physically contiguous memory, so only one page entry. */
VMMDevHGCMParmType_SizeHack = 0x7fffffff
} HGCMFunctionParameterType;
# pragma pack(4)
typedef struct
{
HGCMFunctionParameterType type;
union
{
uint32_t value32;
uint64_t value64;
struct
{
uint32_t size;
union
{
RTGCPHYS64 physAddr;
RTGCPTR64 linearAddr;
} u;
} Pointer;
struct
{
uint32_t size; /**< Size of the buffer described by the page list. */
uint32_t offset; /**< Relative to the request header, valid if size != 0. */
} PageList;
struct
{
uint32_t fFlags : 8; /**< VBOX_HGCM_F_PARM_*. */
uint32_t offData : 24; /**< Relative to the request header, valid if cb != 0. */
uint32_t cbData; /**< The buffer size. */
} Embedded;
} u;
} HGCMFunctionParameter64;
typedef struct VBGLIOCHGCMDISCONNECT
{
/** The header. */
VBGLREQHDR Hdr;
union
{
struct
{
uint32_t idClient;
} In;
} u;
} VBGLIOCHGCMDISCONNECT;
#endif
hgcm.c
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <stdint.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#include <fcntl.h>
#include <sys/ioctl.h>
#include <stdarg.h>
#include "hgcm.h"
void die(char *msg) {
perror(msg);
exit(-1);
}
//device fd
int fd;
int hgcm_connect(const char *service_name) {
VBGLIOCHGCMCONNECT data = {
.Hdr.cbIn = sizeof(VBGLIOCHGCMCONNECT),
.Hdr.uVersion = VBGLREQHDR_VERSION,
.Hdr.uType = VBGLREQHDR_TYPE_DEFAULT,
.Hdr.rc = VERR_INTERNAL_ERROR,
.Hdr.cbOut = sizeof(VBGLREQHDR) + sizeof(uint32_t),
.Hdr.uReserved = 0,
.u.In.Loc.type = VMMDevHGCMLoc_LocalHost_Existing
};
memset(data.u.In.Loc.u.host.achName,0,128);
strncpy(data.u.In.Loc.u.host.achName,service_name,128);
ioctl(fd,VBGL_IOCTL_HGCM_CONNECT,&data);
if (data.Hdr.rc) { //error
return -1;
}
return data.u.Out.idClient;
}
HGCMFunctionParameter64 arg_buf[0x100];
int hgcm_call(int client_id,int func,char *params_fmt,...) {
va_list ap;
char *p,*bval,*type;
uint32_t ival;
uint64_t lval;
HGCMFunctionParameter64 params;
uint16_t index = 0;
va_start(ap,params_fmt);
for(p = params_fmt;*p;p++) {
if(*p!='%') {
continue;
}
switch (*++p) {
case 'u': //整数类型
ival = va_arg(ap,uint32_t);
params.type = VMMDevHGCMParmType_32bit;
params.u.value64 = 0;
params.u.value32 = ival;
arg_buf[index++] = params;
break;
case 'l':
lval = va_arg(ap,uint64_t);
params.type = VMMDevHGCMParmType_64bit;
params.u.value64 = lval;
arg_buf[index++] = params;
case 'b': //buffer类型
type = va_arg(ap,char *);
bval = va_arg(ap,char *);
ival = va_arg(ap,uint32_t);
if (!strcmp(type,"in")) {
params.type = VMMDevHGCMParmType_LinAddr_In;
} else if (!strcmp(type,"out")) {
params.type = VMMDevHGCMParmType_LinAddr_Out;
} else {
params.type = VMMDevHGCMParmType_LinAddr;
}
params.u.Pointer.size = ival;
params.u.Pointer.u.linearAddr = (uintptr_t)bval;
arg_buf[index++] = params;
break;
}
}
va_end(ap);
//printf("params count=%d\n",index);
uint8_t *data_buf = (uint8_t *)malloc(sizeof(VBGLIOCHGCMCALL) + sizeof(HGCMFunctionParameter64)*index);
VBGLIOCHGCMCALL data = {
.Hdr.cbIn = sizeof(VBGLIOCHGCMCALL) + sizeof(HGCMFunctionParameter64)*index,
.Hdr.uVersion = VBGLREQHDR_VERSION,
.Hdr.uType = VBGLREQHDR_TYPE_DEFAULT,
.Hdr.rc = VERR_INTERNAL_ERROR,
.Hdr.cbOut = sizeof(VBGLIOCHGCMCALL) + sizeof(HGCMFunctionParameter64)*index,
.Hdr.uReserved = 0,
.u32ClientID = client_id,
.u32Function = func,
.cMsTimeout = 100000, //忽略
.fInterruptible = 0,
.bReserved = 0,
.cParms = index
};
memcpy(data_buf,&data,sizeof(VBGLIOCHGCMCALL));
memcpy(data_buf+sizeof(VBGLIOCHGCMCALL),arg_buf,sizeof(HGCMFunctionParameter64)*index);
/*for (int i=0;i<sizeof(VBGLIOCHGCMCALL)+sizeof(HGCMFunctionParameter64)*index;i++) {
printf("%02x",data_buf[i]);
}
printf("\n");*/
ioctl(fd,VBGL_IOCTL_CODE_SIZE(IOCTL_HGCM_CALL,sizeof(VBGLIOCHGCMCALL) + sizeof(HGCMFunctionParameter64)*index),data_buf);
int error = ((VBGLIOCHGCMCALL *)data_buf)->Hdr.rc;
free(data_buf);
if (error) { //error
return error;
}
/*for (int i=0;i<sizeof(VBGLIOCHGCMCALL)+sizeof(HGCMFunctionParameter64)*index;i++) {
printf("%02x",data_buf[i]);
}
printf("\n");*/
return 0;
}
int hgcm_disconnect(int client_id) {
VBGLIOCHGCMDISCONNECT data = {
.Hdr.cbIn = sizeof(VBGLIOCHGCMDISCONNECT),
.Hdr.uVersion = VBGLREQHDR_VERSION,
.Hdr.uType = VBGLREQHDR_TYPE_DEFAULT,
.Hdr.rc = VERR_INTERNAL_ERROR,
.Hdr.cbOut = sizeof(VBGLREQHDR),
.Hdr.uReserved = 0,
.u.In.idClient = client_id,
};
ioctl(fd,VBGL_IOCTL_HGCM_DISCONNECT,&data);
if (data.Hdr.rc) { //error
return -1;
}
return 0;
}
int main() {
//打开设备
fd = open("/dev/vboxuser",O_RDWR);
if (fd == -1) {
die("open device error");
}
int idClient = hgcm_connect("VBoxGuestPropSvc");
printf("idClient=%d\n",idClient);
char ans[0x100] = {0};
int ret = hgcm_call(idClient,2,"%b%b","in","foo",4,"in","bar",4);
ret = hgcm_call(idClient,1,"%b%b%u%u","in","foo",4,"out",ans,0x100,0,0);
printf("%s\n",ans);
printf("%d\n",hgcm_disconnect(idClient));
}
0x03 感想
学习漏洞挖掘，不应该只依赖于现成的库或工具，就像本文，虽然niklasb大牛已经封装了3dpwn库，但是对于我们研究员来说，还是得先自己弄懂，自己动手写工具，才能明白其本质。
0x04 参考链接
Investigating generic problems with the Linux Guest Additions
corelabs-Breaking_Out_of_VirtualBox_through_3D_Acceleration-Francisco_Falcon.pdf
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